Instead, Antarctica is made up of territories that were claimed by different existing countries. About 70% of the world's freshwater reserves are frozen in Antarctica, which, if melted, would raise global sea levels by almost 60 metres (200ft). [40][41] Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only a few Antarctic dinosaur genera (Cryolophosaurus and Glacialisaurus, from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of the Transantarctic Mountains,[42] and Antarctopelta, Trinisaura, Morrosaurus and Imperobator from Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula) have been described. The interior is dryer and receives less than 50mm (2in) per year, whereas the coastal regions typically receive more than 200mm (8in). Before discussing the exact number of countries presently holding claims on Antarctica, its important to understand what these claims constitute. [162] One month later, the doomed Terra Nova Expedition reached the pole. [27], From the end of the Neoproterozoic era to the Cretaceous, Antarctica was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. [115], A Census of Marine Life by some 500 researchers during the International Polar Year was released in 2010. [10] Antarctica was adopted in the 1890s, with the first use of the name being attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew. If eating vegan is your cup of tea London is the place to be. In 2012, after the British Foreign & Commonwealth Office designated a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee,[188] the Argentinean government formally protested against the claim. [11], Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle (one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the world), Antarctica is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. As weve already established, there are no countries in Antarctica, and making a list of such countries would be absolutely redundant. Go Kayaking. Specially protected areas cover less than 2% of the area and provide better protection for animals with popular appeal than for less visible animals. 7 continents of the world. At the continent's edge, strong katabatic winds off of the polar plateau often blow at storm force. Antarctica has both saline and freshwater lakes. This is further divided into ice-free area of 280,000 square kilometers and ice-covered area of 13,72 square kilometers. 667. [187], The Argentine, British, and Chilean claims overlap and have caused friction. During the Triassic, Antarctica was dominated by seed ferns (pteridosperms) belonging to the genus Dicroidium, which grew as trees. Antarctica. The Treaty entered into force on 23 June 1961; the 12 signatories became the original 12 consultative nations. Over the following decades, geographers used phrases such as "the Antarctic Continent". The trend was at a scale unprecedented over the last 600 years; the most dominant driver of the mode of variability is likely the depletion of ozone above the continent. Many people stationed in Antarctica are doing environmental research living at a research base. Other associated Triassic flora included ginkgophytes, cycadophytes, conifers, and sphenopsids. Native species of animals include mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. This is the Travelers' Century Club's official list of countries and territories, a total of 330 as of January 2022. [134], Captain James Cook's ships, HMSResolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773, and again in January 1774. There are also over 20 species of liverworts and mosses and 30 species of lichens. [33][34] There is no evidence of any tetrapods having lived in Antarctica during the Paleozoic. [105] The depletion is caused by the emission of chlorofluorocarbons and halons into the atmosphere, which causes ozone to break down into other gases. Lichens and non-living aquatic algae are the predominant vegetation in the region. Some nature conservation groups have expressed concern over the potential adverse effects caused by the influx of visitors and have called for limits on the size of visiting cruise ships and a tourism quota. Whats the purpose of all this? Its landmass is almost wholly covered by a vast ice sheet. This is a sub-region in Antarctica that lies between the Bellingshausen Sea and the Ronne Ice Shelf. Let's Add All That Up. [84] The average extent of sea ice around Antarctica has changed little since satellites began to observe the Earth's surface in 1978; which is in contrast with the Arctic, where there has been rapid sea ice loss. Antarctica, the world's southernmost and fifth largest continent. NA. [127] Bacteria have been found as deep as 800m (0.50mi) under the ice. The Antarctic Treaty which came into force in 1961 is now signed by 53 countries. Others are either turning a blind eye to such activities in order to maintain the status quo or performing some illicit activities themselves. This area within Antarctica extends from Edward VIII Bay in the east to Queen Maud Land in the west. The area was later administered as a Norway protectorate area in 1939. Generally, Antarctica is peacefully shared for research and exploration. Antarctica research stations, as mentioned above, are either permanent or seasonal. Their thick-walled and strongly melanised cells make them resistant to UV radiation. Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth. So officially it's clear to see that there are 3 countries in Australia (Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea). 1. To get a clearer picture, you need to understand more about the events that preceded the treaty system that keeps the fifth-largest continent of the world in check, protecting it from armed conflicts and petty squabbles. The coastal regions can reach temperatures over 10C (50F) in summer. This Great White South related article is a stub. [14] Lake Vostok, discovered beneath Russia's Vostok Station, is the largest subglacial lake globally and one of the largest lakes in the world. Labeled Map of Antarctica. Any nuclear explosions in Antarctica and the disposal there of radioactive waste material shall be prohibited. [150][151], On 22 January 1840, two days after the discovery of the coast west of the Balleny Islands, some members of the crew of the 18371840 expedition of the French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville disembarked on the Dumoulin Islands, off the coast of Adlie Land, where they took some mineral, algae, and animal samples erected the French flag and claimed French sovereignty over the territory. Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. List of Ultras of Antarctica List of mountains of Princess Elizabeth Land List of mountains of Mac. [1] While a few of these countries have mutually recognised each other's claims,[186] the validity of the claims is not recognised universally. According to the terms of the treaty, military activity, mining, nuclear explosions, and nuclear waste disposal are all prohibited in Antarctica. [130] There exists a community of extremophile bacteria in the highly alkaline waters of Lake Untersee. [54], The geology of Antarctica, largely obscured by the continental ice sheet,[55] is being revealed by techniques such as remote sensing, ground-penetrating radar, and satellite imagery. List of countries Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Altogether they staff anywhere from 1,000 to 4,000 people during winter and summer, respectively. [1] However meltwater from the continent's ice features produce a number of rivers and streams. It is also the world's highest, driest, windiest, coldest, and iciest continent. [119], About 1,150 species of fungi have been recorded in the Antarctic region, of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming. Antarctica (/ntrktk/ (listen))[note 1] is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of the island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. How many countries are in Antarctica? Weddell Sea: On your expedition of places to visit in Antarctica, head over to the . The cooling strengthens the polar vortex and so prevents the outflow of the cold air near the South Pole, which in turn cools the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet. Brazil currently has a "zone of interest" but not an actual claim. countries under continent {'Europe': ['Andorra', 'Albania', 'Austria', 'Belgium', 'Bulgaria', 'Belarus', 'Czech Republic', 'Germany', 'Denmark', 'Estonia', 'Finland . The Antarctica labeled map, shows a land area of fourteen million square kilometers. An alternative five-continent model is the one adopted, among others, by the Olympic Charter, which excludes Antarctica as uninhabited and lists the following five: Africa . [96] A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatonnes (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but accelerated to an average of 220Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017. [4] The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote in Meteorology about an "Antarctic region" in c.350 BCE. Both ice shelves act to stabilise the glaciers that feed into them. Antarctica is a unique continent in that it does not have a native human population. The United States has strong diplomatic interests in Antarctica. [197] Tourists arrive by small or medium ship at specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. [201], In 2017, there were more than 4,400 scientists undertaking research in Antarctica, a number that fell to just over 1,100 in the winter. This blank map of the 50 US states is a great resource for teaching, both for use in the classroom and for homework. This page lists notable places in and immediately surrounding the Antarctic continent, including geographic features, bodies of water, and human settlements. [65] The Prince Charles Mountains contain deposits of iron ore.[66] There are oil and natural gas fields in the Ross Sea. There is also little information on the region's flora and fauna. These were Belgium, South Africa, Japan, the United States, and the Soviet Union. I think thats Halloween is a time to let loose and try something new. Holy See and the State of Palestine are the non-member observer states. It is also inclusive of three island regions i.e. [193] The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, which came into effect in 1998 and is due to be reviewed in 2048, restricts the exploitation of Antarctic resources, including minerals. 14. Below is a list of countries and areas of the world in alphabetical order, with official names and alternative designations. According to the United Nations, there are 14 countries in Oceania (Australia) and these vary in size from the largest one like Australia (that is both a continent as well as country) to the smallest one like Nauru. [117], There are approximately 40 bird species that breed on or close to Antarctica, including species of petrels, penguins, cormorants, and gulls. [147], The First Russian Antarctic Expedition, led by Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on the 985-ton sloop-of-war Vostok and the 530-ton support vessel Mirny, reached a point within 32km (20mi) of Queen Maud Land and recorded sighting an ice shelf at .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}692128S 21450W / 69.35778S 2.24722W / -69.35778; -2.24722. During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. [39] In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated throughout the Cretaceous period (14666Ma), though southern beech trees (Nothofagus) became prominent towards the end of the Cretaceous. How Do Airlines Allocate Seats To Passengers? [20], East Antarctica comprises Coats Land, Queen Maud Land, Enderby Land, Mac. Take the Polar Plunge. Some of the world's most beautiful and amazing airports are here. Most of the Queen Maud Land is covered with ice sheet, except for the mountain ranges which allows for limited growth of flora. All these conflicting interactions, double standards, and a glutton for land are to this day causing confusion not only among those visiting the South Pole themselves but also anyone trying to get informed about the bottom of the barrel that are these claims to Antarctican lands. [135], In analogy to the 1980 treaty on sustainable fishing, countries led by New Zealand and the United States negotiated a treaty on mining. [113], Antarctic krill, which congregates in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, being an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, and many bird species, such as penguins and albatrosses. [note 2] Rivers exist in Antarctica, the longest being the Onyx. Check out the name of countries in Antarctica with their capital. NA. No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim, to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica, shall be asserted while the present treaty is in force.. Other plants found in Antarctica during the Permian include Cordaitales, sphenopsids, ferns, and lycophytes. So, does Antarctica have countries? [80], Precipitation in Antarctica occurs in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms the giant ice sheet that covers the continent. 1. [190], Deposits of coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold, and other minerals have been found in Antarctica, but not in large enough quantities to extract. [59], East Antarctica is geologically varied. The U.S.: 50 States Printables - Map Quiz Game: With 50 states total, knowing the names and locations of the US states can be difficult. Many countries are in Antarctica to stay, but that can be done without claiming any territory whatsoever. Antarctica is, on average, the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and it has the highest average elevation. [91] As of 2022[update], the two most rapidly thinning ice shelves are those in front of the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers. [199] The primary response by Antarctic Treaty parties has been to develop guidelines that set landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. [26] The ice dome known as Dome Argus in East Antarctica is the highest Antarctic ice feature, at 4,091 metres (13,422ft). The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, an international treaty that came into force in 1980, regulates fisheries, aiming to preserve ecological relationships. This sub-region of Antarctica stretches from the Southern Ocean coastline to the South Pole. [167] Six women were flown to the South Pole as a publicity stunt in 1969. Antarctica, including all territorial claims by sovereign states, is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south of 60S. The Eastern side of Antarctica is higher than the West. [165] Caroline Mikkelsen had landed on an island of Antarctica, earlier in 1935. [58], West Antarctica was formed by the merging of several continental plates, which created a number of mountain ranges in the region, the most prominent being the Ellsworth Mountains. This is an Antarctica region that covers a landmass of 2.7 million square kilometers. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. 359. In 1555 the claim was incorporated to Chile. [185], Sovereignty over regions of Antarctica is claimed by seven countries. With so many different fields requiring a decent amount of regulation in order for all these countries to coexist and focus on science rather than causing conflicts, the need arose for an all-encompassing system to fulfill that role. 11. 200. The ice then moves into the ocean, often forming vast floating ice shelves. [14], Antarctica is divided into West Antarctica and East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains, which stretch from Victoria Land to the Ross Sea. [122], The same features can be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that they are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. The climate of present-day Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. Antarctica is 1.3 times as large as Europe. Antarctica has no permanent human population. If you are in need of U.S. consular services while in Antarctica, contact the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country next on your itinerary or nearest to you for assistance. [19] Several Antarctic ice streams flow to one of the many Antarctic ice shelves, a process described by ice-sheet dynamics. On 14 December 1911, an expedition led by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. These stations include Esperanza, McMurdo, Cmara, Neumayer II and III, and Orcadas, to name only a few. However, a captain in the Imperial Russian Navy, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, recorded seeing an ice shelf on 27 January. Most of the content is covered with ice that averages about 1.5 miles thick across the surface. The CIA World Factbook has a complete list, but these are the countries with at least 100 individuals in Antarctica during the peak summer season: Country. Telephone. [96][95], Most of the ice loss has taken place on the Antarctic Peninsula and West Antarctica. [111], Invertebrate life of Antarctica includes species of microscopic mites such as Alaskozetes antarcticus, lice, nematodes, tardigrades, rotifers, krill and springtails. 10.1 Future Forecast of the Global Antarctica Travel Market from 2022-2029 Segment by Region 10.2 Global Antarctica Travel Production and Growth Rate Forecast by Type (2022-2029) 10.3 Global . Countries that hold . By the start of the Devonian period (416Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes, and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from then. [16][17] The vast majority of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, which averages 1.9km (1.2mi) in thickness. The always up-to-date list of all countries of the world in alphabetical order A Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan B Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi C 12. One of the lichen species found in the area is the Buellia Frigida. Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. The 10 Best Romantic Getaways in Tennessee Mountains, What is the Best Time to Visit Shillong and Cherrapunji, Nicaragua in October: Weather, Places to Visit & Things to Do, The Top 9 Budget Hacks for Long-Term Travelers, 7 Things That You Should Do When You Are in Tucson, Best Places to Visit in Europe when you are on a Budget. Below are the 54 countries in Africa in alphabetical order: Countries of Africa: Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde/ Cape Verde Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo/ Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt (transcontinental - generally considered African) Equatorial Guinea [122], The simplified morphology of such fungi, along with their similar biological structures, metabolism systems capable of remaining active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles, make them well suited to such environments. The ice was being held back by a "thread" of ice about 6km (4mi) wide,[89][90] prior to its collapse in 2009. This full collapse would lead to 2 to 5 meters (6.6 to 16.4 feet) of sea level rise. However, as can be expected of any place on Earth where interests of various countries collide, waters get muddied rather abruptly. [62] In coastal areas such as the Shackleton Range and Victoria Land, some faulting has occurred. They even put a meteorological station in the region. [25] There is evidence of a large number of volcanoes under the ice, which could pose a risk to the ice sheet if activity levels were to rise. We can't always stay in 5-star hotels. mostly uninhabitable, 99% of the land area is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the largest single mass of ice on earth covering an area of 14 . Longest being the Onyx stations, as can be done without claiming territory! Trip annually 's edge, strong katabatic winds off of the continents, and it has the highest elevation... The geographic South Pole as a publicity stunt in 1969 there is also little on... The Argentine, British, and Orcadas, to name only a few lead to 2 5. Ii and III, and it has the highest average elevation brazil currently a! Decades, geographers used phrases such as the Shackleton Range and Victoria Land, Mac many are... 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