To enter into contracts with or make grants to educational and nonprofit research institutions for support of scientific research. The obligation of Government to support research on military problems is inescapable. Committed suicide at war's end. These reasons apply with particular force to science: the road is long and expensive; it extends at least 6 years beyond high school; the percentage of science students who can obtain first-rate training in institutions near home is small. 1,160. 1 Citations. The details should be worked out with reference to the interests of the several States and of the universities and colleges; and care should be taken not to impair the freedom of the institutions and individuals concerned. Steps should be taken to reduce that handicap. 3. It should not operate any laboratories of its own. The recommendations in this report which relate to research within the Government, to the release of scientific information, to clarification of the tax laws, and to the recovery and development of our scientific talent now in uniform can be implemented by action within the existing structure of the Government. Reflecting on the reports legacy and relevance along with its limitations, Holt contends that the publics ability to cope with todays issuessuch as public health, the changing climate and environment, and challenging technologies in modern societyrequires a more capacious understanding of what science can contribute. All of the medical and public health groups share credit for these achievements; they form interdependent members of a team. There are certain kinds of research - such as research on the improvement of existing weapons -- which can best be done within the military establishment. Students drop out of school, college, and graduate school, or do not get that far, for a variety of reasons: they cannot afford to go on; schools and colleges providing courses equal to their capacity are not available locally; business and industry recruit many of the most promising before they have finished the training of which they are capable. The function of such a civilian group would be primarily to conduct long-range scientific research on military problems - leaving to the Services research on the improvement of existing weapons. This is highly desirable in order that there may be no interruption in the relations between scientists and military men after the emergency wartime Office of Scientific Research and Development goes out of existence. Meanwhile, research costs have steadily risen. It should be competent to advise the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. During the war it has been necessary for selected groups of scientists to work on specialized problems, with relatively little information as to what other groups were doing and had done. "Audra J. Wolfe, author of Freedom's Laboratory: The Cold War Struggle for the Soul Of Science, "Science, the Endless Frontier is a consequential statement of principles that has been repeatedly invoked as a kind of biblical text in the political wars over federal policy for scientific research and training. With mounting demands for scientists both for teaching and for research, we will enter the post-war period with a serious deficit in our trained scientific personnel. It should be drafted with great care. E-Book Overview. I am convinced that these new functions should be centered in one agency. organize and share citations. To get top leadership there must be a relatively large base of high ability selected for development and then successive skimmings of the cream of ability at successive times and at higher levels. Author. We should get this scientific material to scientists everywhere with great promptness, and at as low a price as is consistent with suitable format. . In this book he calls for science for citizens, not just science for scientists. Science, the endless frontier; a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research. The plan is, further, that all those who receive such scholarships or fellowships in science should be enrolled in a National Science Reserve and be liable to call into the service of the Government, in connection with scientific or technical work in time of war or other national emergency declared by Congress or proclaimed by the President. Division of Publications and Scientific Collaboration. b/w, a candid image of Rust addressing an outdoor crowd, boldly signed. Almost all Government scientific work has ultimate practical objectives but, in many fields of broad national concern, it commonly involves long-term investigation of a fundamental nature. It would be folly to set up a program under which research in the natural sciences and medicine was expanded at the cost of the social sciences, humanities, and other studies so essential to national well-being. . 5. The time has come when such support should be extended to other fields. Colleges and universities in which research will be conducted principally under contract with the Foundation are, unlike commercial institutions, not equipped to handle the detailed vouchering procedures and auditing technicalities which are required of the usual Government contractors. you will be expected to follow Georgia Tech's guidelines for crediting the works of others and to use an appropriate citation system to do . Some of us know the vital role which radar has played in bringing the United Nations to victory over Nazi Germany and in driving the Japanese steadily back from their island bastions. - This Division should be charged with encouraging the publication of scientific knowledge and promoting international exchange of scientific information. They stimulate new invention and they make it possible for new industries to be built around new devices or new processes. Increasing specialization of science will make it more important than ever that scientists in this country keep continually ahead of developments abroad. This Report recommended that the federal government accept new responsibilities for promoting the flow of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent in youth. "By proceeding from point to point and taking stock on the way, by giving further opportunity to those who show themselves worthy of further opportunity, by giving the most opportunity to those who show themselves continually developing -- this is the way we propose. Those ready for college training in the sciences have not been permitted to enter upon that training. Separation of the sciences in tight compartments, as would occur if more than one agency were involved, would retard and not advance scientific knowledge as a whole. 2A Jiangtai Road, Chaoyang District National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA Tel: (703) 292-5111, FIRS: (800) 877-8339 | TDD: (800) 281-8749, National Science Foundation - Where Discoveries Begin, Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE), Environmental Research and Education (ERE), International Science and Engineering (OISE), Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences (SBE), Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP), Responsible and Ethical Conduct of Research, Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG), Award Statistics (Budget Internet Info System), National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU), Proposal & Award Policies Procedures Guide (PAPPG). Except to the extent that military security dictates otherwise, such knowledge should be spread upon the record for the benefit of the general public. The most immediate prospect of making up some of the deficit in scientific personnel is by salvaging scientific talent from the generation in uniform. ", * * * * * * * * * * * * * *, "The uses to which high ability in youth can be put are various and, to a large extent, are determined by social pressures and rewards. Yet, uncertainties in the operation of the patent laws have impaired the ability of small industries to translate new ideas into processes and products of value to the nation. Modern war requires the use of the most advanced scientific techniques. The abuses should be corrected. "Here, the draw is not so much the text of Bushs report itself, but rather an excellent critical introduction by Rush Holt. This report presents conclusions and recommendations based upon the studies of these committees which appear in full as the appendices. But in the present state of knowledge a plan cannot be made which will select, and assist, only those young men and women who will give the top future leadership to science. Here is a tremendous waste of the greatest resource of a nation -- the intelligence of its citizens. China First, the sound democratic principle that there should be no favored classes or special privilege in a time of peril, that all should be ready to sacrifice equally; second, the tenet that every man should serve in the capacity in which his talents and experience can best be applied for the prosecution of the war effort. Much of the information and experience acquired during the war is confined to the agencies that gathered it. of disruptive papers and patents suggests that science and technology do not appear to have reached the end of the 'endless frontier; We do not know yet how we shall reach that goal, but it is certain that it can be achieved only by releasing the full creative and productive energies of the American people. Only in the creation of one over-all mechanism rather than several does this report depart from the specific recommendations of the committees. The decision that there should be a new and independent agency was reached by each of the committees advising in these matters. Generally speaking, the scientific agencies of Government are not so concerned with immediate practical objectives as are the laboratories of industry nor, on the other hand, are they as free to explore any natural phenomena without regard to possible economic applications as are the educational and private research institutions. Fortunately, this country had the scientists -- and the time -- to make this contribution and thus to advance the date of victory. Research is also affected by the patent laws. Membership of the Division of National Defense should include, in addition to, say, five civilian members, one representative designated by the Secretary of War, and one representative of the Secretary of the Navy, who should serve without additional compensation for this duty. The form is important. It is my view that most of the remainder of the classified scientific material should be released as soon as there is ground for belief that the enemy will not be able to turn it against us in this war. Language English Pages 184 To initiate and finance in appropriate agencies, institutions, or organizations, research on problems related to the national defense. For even if we should start now to train the current crop of high school graduates, it would be 1951 before they would complete graduate studies and be prepared for effective scientific research. The development of such materials and methods to the point at which they become available to medical practitioners requires teamwork involving the medical schools, the science departments of universities, Government and the pharmaceutical industry. Progress in combating disease depends upon an expanding body of new scientific knowledge. While there must be increased emphasis on science in the future training of officers for both the Army and Navy, such men cannot be expected to be specialists in scientific research. We think it very important that every boy and girl shall know that, if he shows that he has what it takes, the sky is the limit. print. The act is aimed at competing with China. Placing the civilian military research function in the proposed agency would bring it into close relationship with a broad program of basic research in both the natural sciences and medicine. To formulate over-all policies of the Foundation. The Army and Navy should continue to carry on research and development on the improvement of current weapons. It has been suggested that the benefits might be better utilized if "research clinics" for such enterprises were to be established. Phone: +44 1993 814500 No one can select from the bottom those who will be the leaders at the top because unmeasured and unknown factors enter into scientific, or any, leadership. With the exception of the director, the division members, and one executive officer appointed by the director to administer the affairs of each division, all employees of the Foundation should be appointed under Civil Service regulations. Science the Endless Frontier set forth two important dicta: One posits that basic science is performed without thought of practical use, to derive fundamental understanding. Science made that possible, too. The very successful pattern of organization of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, which has promoted basic research on problems of flight during the past thirty years, has been carefully considered in proposing the method of appointment of Members of the Foundation and in defining their responsibilities. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and governments responsibility to support scientific endeavors. The bitter and dangerous battle against the U-boat was a battle of scientific techniques -- and our margin of success was dangerously small. should not prevent us from pointing out some of the shortcomings of that pioneering effort. In planning the release of scientific data and experience collected in connection with the war, we must not overlook the fact that research has gone forward under many auspices -- the Army, the Navy, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, other departments and agencies of the Government, educational institutions, and many industrial organizations. Using the citation data from 45 million manuscripts and 3.9 million patents, the researchers calculated a measure of disruptiveness, called the 'CD index', in which values ranged from -1 for the least . Each Division of the Foundation should be made up of at least five members, appointed by the Members of the Foundation. . The answer is clear. The most important single factor in scientific and technical work is the quality of the personnel employed. To promote the dissemination of scientific and technical information and to further its international exchange. 0 Ratings 0 Want to read 0 Currently reading 0 Have read Overview View 1 Edition Details Reviews Lists Related Books Publish Date 1945 Publisher U.S. Govt. He layers historical context with a deeper examination of publicly funded science, and he challenges the scientific community to be more inclusive. To create such advisory and cooperating agencies and councils, state, regional, or national, as in their judgment will aid in effectuating the purposes of the legislation, and to pay the expenses thereof. To encourage and enable a larger number of young men and women of ability to take up science as a career, and in order gradually to reduce the deficit of trained scientific personnel, it is recommended that provision be made for a reasonable number of (a) undergraduate scholarships and graduate fellowships and (b) fellowships for advanced training and fundamental research. Budget. This fact underlines the necessity of salvaging potential scientists in uniform. Industry will fully rise to the challenge of applying new knowledge to new products. Uncertainties as to the attitude of the Bureau of Internal Revenue regarding the deduction of research and development expenses are a deterrent to research expenditure. During the past 25 years there has been a great increase in industrial research involving the application of scientific knowledge to a multitude of practical purposes - thus providing new products, new industries, new investment opportunities, and millions of jobs. Figure 4 shows that all included studies presented low risk of bias to 'baseline characteristics,' but no study presented low risk of bias to 'allocation concealment,' 'random housing,' 'blinding for intervention,' or 'random outcome assessment.' Only one study presented low risk of bias to 'sequence generation.' In some countries comparable increases have been accompanied by famine. Members. We cannot again rely on our allies to hold off the enemy while we struggle to catch up. It is the special province of the medical schools and universities to foster medical research in this way -- a duty which cannot be shifted to government agencies, industrial organizations, or to any other institutions. Second are the infectious diseases, and third is cancer. Science Education 1944 October 28:231-38 28: 282-88; December 1944. . The classic case for why government must support sciencewith a new essay by physicist and former congressman Rush Holt on what democracy needs from science today. There has been dramatic progress in surgery. It will not receive the attention it requires if left to industry. The chief executive officer of the Foundation should be a director appointed by the Members. February 9-17-24, 2021 L . The responsibility for the creation of new scientific knowledge rests on that small body of men and women who understand the fundamental laws of nature and are skilled in the techniques of scientific research. (2010). Description One of the most important reports in science policy, (commonly known as the Bush report), and intended to be a blueprint for a new era of scienceand of government in sciencefollowing the transformational experience of World War II and its technological culmination in the detonation of two atomic bombs over Japan. This should be corrected by building up the weaker institutions, especially in regions which now have no strong medical research activities. Recommendation of arrangements with State and local authorities in regard to cooperation in a program of science scholarships and fellowships. and instead cite the study itself. An edition of Science, the endless frontier (1945) Science, the endless frontier. Like troops, the scientists have been mobilized, and thrown into action to serve their country in time of emergency. Although there are some notable exceptions, most research conducted within governmental laboratories is of an applied nature. We all know how much the new drug, penicillin, has meant to our grievously wounded men on the grim battlefronts of this war -- the countless lives it has saved -- the incalculable suffering which its use has prevented. I. I cannot improve on President Conant's statement that: "* * * in every section of the entire area where the word science may properly be applied, the limiting factor is a human one. March 30, 2021. Plants which are more resistant to disease and are adapted to short growing season, the prevention and cure of livestock diseases, the control of our insect enemies, better fertilizers, and improved agricultural practices, all stem from painstaking scientific research. BOOK. Nature - "Science, the Endless Frontier" . Without scientific progress the national health would deteriorate; without scientific progress we could not hope for improvement in our standard of living or for an increased number of jobs for our citizens; and without scientific progress we could not have maintained our liberties against tyranny. It's one thing to have equations describing the way a single molecule of water behaves. The Resource Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President, by Vannevar Bush, director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. They should be persons of broad interest in and understanding of the peculiarities of scientific research and education. The amount which can be effectively spent in the first year should not exceed 5 million dollars. New Responsibilities for Government. We believe that our proposals will minimize that effect, but we do not think that it can be completely avoided. . Callon, M. 1986. In the event that if you are a researcher, educator and understudy occupied with science history, or anybody keen on figuring out how science has been upheld by government authority, you'll value The National Science Foundation's Science: The Endless Frontier" as a helpful chronicled asset for the present academic local area. In War. There are certain basic principles which must underlie the program of Government support for scientific research and education if such support is to be effective and if it is to avoid impairing the very things we seek to foster. In a compelling essay, Rush Holt helps us understand the broader context in which Bush prepared his now-famous report, and offers important insights into new considerations that should inform our discussions about science policy today. The terms of the Members should be, say, 4 years, and no Member should be eligible for immediate reappointment provided he has served a full 4-year term. As in the case of the research sponsored during the war by the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the research sponsored by the National Research Foundation should be conducted, in general, on an actual cost basis without profit to the institution receiving the research contract or grant. Improvement in the teaching of science is imperative; for students of latent scientific ability are particularly vulnerable to high school teaching which fails to awaken interest or to provide adequate instruction. . It is wholly probable that progress in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, cancer, and similar refractory diseases will be made as the result of fundamental discoveries in subjects unrelated to those diseases, and perhaps entirely unexpected by the investigator. By. VI. The procedures currently followed within the Government for recruiting, classifying and compensating such personnel place the Government under a severe handicap in competing with industry and the universities for first-class scientific talent. Bringing us from 1945 to the present, Holt demonstrates that the American people need science now more than ever. Technology and Public Purpose Project Study Group. It is at this crucial juncture that Rush Holt, in his powerful introduction, renews the call for robust funding of basic research with an appeal for a fully inclusive coalition of science and society to promote a better future for all. Industry is only to a limited extent a source of funds for basic medical research. It should, moreover, have sufficient recognition to secure prompt and practical decisions. Princeton, New Jersey 08540 For many years the Government has wisely supported research in the agricultural colleges and the benefits have been great. This is, largely, the product of three factors -- the free play of initiative of a vigorous people under democracy, the heritage of great national wealth, and the advance of science and its application. Science, the endless frontier; : a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research,, by Vannevar Bush, director. To support international cooperation in science by providing financial aid for international meetings, associations of scientific societies, and scientific research programs organized on an international basis. These industries generate new jobs and new products, all of which contribute to the welfare and the strength of the country. . Download Citation. The public interest will normally be adequately protected if the Government receives a royalty-free license for governmental purposes under any patents resulting from work financed by the Foundation. Putting together Science, the Endless Frontier 75 years ago, Vannevar Bush drew on his experience during World War II, but proposed something entirely novela federal agency with a unique structure that would fund university research to meet broad national needs. Even if it be shown subsequently that he has not what it takes to go to the top, he will go further than he would otherwise go if there had been a ceiling beyond which he always knew he could not aspire. It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. CHAPTER 6. * * * There is never enough ability at high levels to satisfy all the needs of the nation; we would not seek to draw into science any more of it than science's proportionate share.". The National Patent Planning Commission has reported on this subject. "Sylvester James Gates Jr., Brown University, "Since World War II, Science, the Endless Frontier has been the central model for science policy in the United States. View All. The reduction in death rate from diseases of childhood has shifted the emphasis to the middle and old age groups, particularly to the malignant diseases and the degenerative processes prominent in later life. Working against time, the Office of Scientific Research and Development has been obliged to enforce this practice during the war, although it was realized by all concerned that it was an emergency measure which prevented the continuous cross-fertilization so essential to fruitful scientific effort. Vannevar Bush, Science The Endless Frontier (A Report to the President) (July 1945) (). Learn more about ebooks and audio from Princeton University Press. . They will be of aid in furnishing detailed suggestions. For example, the National Research Foundation should be authorized by legislation to make, modify, or amend contracts of all kinds with or without legal consideration, and without performance bonds. Since 1900 a large number of scientific agencies have been established within the Federal Government, until in 1939 they numbered more than 40. Science, the Endless Frontier of Regulatory Capture by Andrea Saltelli, Dorothy Dankel, Monica Di Fiore, Nina Holland, Martin Pigeon :: SSRN Add Paper to My Library Science, the Endless Frontier of Regulatory Capture Saltelli, Andrea, Dorothy J. Dankel, Monica Di Fiore, Nina Holland, and Martin Pigeon. . To establish scholarships and fellowships in the natural sciences including biology and medicine. Science only lives, and progresses, when the status quo is regularly attacked, and disrupted. History. Relation to National Security. Office of Scientific Research and Development; Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Publication date 1960 Topics Science and state -- United States, Research -- United States Publisher Washington, National Science Foundation Collection - In order to insure that men of great competence and experience may be designated as Members of the Foundation and as members of the several professional Divisions, the legislation creating the Foundation should contain specific authorization so that the Members of the Foundation and the Members of the Divisions may also engage in private and gainful employment, notwithstanding the provisions of any other laws: provided, however, that no compensation for such employment is received in any form from any profit-making institution which receives funds under contract, or otherwise, from the Division or Divisions of the Foundation with which the individual is concerned. Only through such responsibility can we maintain the proper relationship between science and other aspects of a democratic system. This board should be composed of disinterested scientists who have no connection with the affairs of any Government agency. Download citation. The agency responsible for recommending the release of information from military classification should be an Army, Navy, civilian body, well grounded in science and technology. Discoveries pertinent to medical progress have often come from remote and unexpected sources, and it is certain that this will be true in the future. The influence of Science The Endless Frontier stems largely from its timing, coming at the tail end of a war in which science-based technology had been crucial. Holts introduction takes seriously the idea that the United States is a democracy, and that scientists have a specific role to play in that democracy, which is not the same thing as saying that scientists should control science policy. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. It provides scientific capital. More Filters. In computer science and artificial intelligence, there has been a recent thread of work on citation recommendation, concerned with identifying relevant citations given a piece of text and possibly other meta-data (e.g., authors, etc.) There are within Government departments many groups whose interests are primarily those of scientific research. SPEDIZIONE GRATUITA su ordini idonei Two great principles have guided us in this country as we have turned our full efforts to war.
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